{"id":797,"date":"2022-08-16T08:17:25","date_gmt":"2022-08-16T13:17:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/?page_id=797"},"modified":"2022-08-16T08:27:10","modified_gmt":"2022-08-16T13:27:10","slug":"wac-wid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/wac-wid\/","title":{"rendered":"WAC\/WID"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"797\" class=\"elementor elementor-797\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8e09e67 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8e09e67\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f6162f\" data-id=\"2f6162f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8121db9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-template\" data-id=\"8121db9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"template.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-template\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"page\" data-elementor-id=\"624\" class=\"elementor elementor-624\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-57c2ad99 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"57c2ad99\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-29a03304\" data-id=\"29a03304\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a645f0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2a645f0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">WRITING PROGRAM<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-69de941d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"69de941d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1920c022\" data-id=\"1920c022\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-100bb6cc elementor-nav-menu__align-justify elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-tablet elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-623 elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"100bb6cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-caret-down&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;toggle&quot;:&quot;burger&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Menu\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal e--pointer-background e--animation-fade\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-100bb6cc\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-478\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-636\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/students\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\">Resources for Students<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-639\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/students\/courses\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">Course Descriptions<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-614\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/students\/placement\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">Placement and Credit\u200b<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-633\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\">Resources for Instructors<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-683\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/common-outcomes-and-requirements\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">Common Outcomes and Requirements<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-647\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/open-educational-resources\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">Open and Freely Available Educational Resources<\/a>\n\t<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-848\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/open-writing\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">Open Writing<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-672\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/syllabi\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">Sample Syllabi and Course Plans<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-688\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/multimodal\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">New and Alternative Media Assignments<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-787\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/exemplar-texts\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">Exemplar Texts<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-702\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/academic-integrity-and-plagiarism\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">Academic Integrity and Plagiarism<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-862\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/ai\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">Generative AI Resources<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-799\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/wac-wid\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">WAC\/WID<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-808\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/forms\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\">Forms<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-809\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/forms\/ferpa-waiver\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">FERPA Waiver<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-812\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/forms\/exemplar-text-submissions\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">Exemplar Text Submissions<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-820\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/forms\/freely-available-open-educational-resource-submissions\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">Freely Available\/Open Educational Resource Submissions<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-818\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/forms\/report-a-broken-link\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\">Report a Broken Link<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Menu Toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--open eicon-menu-bar\"><\/i><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--close eicon-close\"><\/i>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-100bb6cc\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-478\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-636\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/students\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Resources for Students<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-639\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/students\/courses\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Course Descriptions<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-614\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/students\/placement\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Placement and Credit\u200b<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-633\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Resources for Instructors<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-683\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/common-outcomes-and-requirements\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Common Outcomes and Requirements<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-647\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/open-educational-resources\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Open and Freely Available Educational Resources<\/a>\n\t<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-848\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/open-writing\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Open Writing<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-672\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/syllabi\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Sample Syllabi and Course Plans<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-688\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/multimodal\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">New and Alternative Media Assignments<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-787\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/exemplar-texts\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Exemplar Texts<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-702\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/academic-integrity-and-plagiarism\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Academic Integrity and Plagiarism<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-862\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/ai\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Generative AI Resources<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-799\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/wac-wid\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">WAC\/WID<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-808\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/forms\/\" class=\"elementor-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Forms<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-809\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/forms\/ferpa-waiver\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">FERPA Waiver<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-812\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/forms\/exemplar-text-submissions\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Exemplar Text Submissions<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-820\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/forms\/freely-available-open-educational-resource-submissions\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Freely Available\/Open Educational Resource Submissions<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-818\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/forms\/report-a-broken-link\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item menu-link\" tabindex=\"-1\">Report a Broken Link<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70677d5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70677d5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-595ec17c\" data-id=\"595ec17c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe8f454 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fe8f454\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f41ef59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f41ef59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resources on Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) and Writing in the Disciplines (WID)<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-20e0366 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"20e0366\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9bbf13d\" data-id=\"9bbf13d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8646936 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8646936\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>What are WAC and WID? Why do they matter for our work in the classroom?<\/p><p>Every explanation I have heard of the difference between WAC (Writing Across the Curriculum) and WID (Writing in the Disciplines) puts it this way: WAC is most concerned with \u201cwriting to learn\u201d\u2014it emphasizes writing\u2019s usefulness as a learning tool, regardless of discipline\u2014whereas WID is most concerned with \u201clearning to write\u201d in particular disciplines.<\/p><p>The WAC and WID movement emerged in the 1970s (<a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/books\/referenceguides\/bazerman-wac\/\">Bazerman et al.<\/a> 26; <a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/docs\/atd\/trans\/hendricks2018.pdf\">Hendricks<\/a> 48; <a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/docs\/books\/millennium\/chapter1.pdf\">McLeod and Miraglia<\/a> 22). Since then, proponents of WAC and WID have held that writing should occur in most college classes, not only in English courses. After all, writing plays a key role in every discipline. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.nwp.org\/cs\/public\/print\/resource\/3685\">Anthony Atala<\/a>, a bioengineer and one of the world\u2019s foremost experts on regenerative medicine, has stated that \u201ceffective writing is just as vital to science as mathematics is and plays a tremendous role in moving scientific research forward.\u201d Moreover, genres and other writing conventions vary significantly across disciplines, raising questions about whether English faculty should have sole responsibility for the teaching of writing.\u00a0<\/p><p>The very act of writing can also clarify thinking and enhance learning. Scholars and professional writers alike have long recognized writing\u2019s inherent pedagogical value: the quotation \u201cI don\u2019t know what I think until I write it\u201d\u2014attributed, in one form or another, to Flannery O\u2019Connor, Joan Didion, and numerous others\u2014is by now a commonplace, and the compositionist Janet Emig wrote her influential article \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/356095\">Writing as a Mode of Learning<\/a>\u201d decades ago, in 1977. Today, it is well established that writing promotes learning (see <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1050651907300466\">Carter, Ferzli, and Wiebe<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu\/faculty\/337\/\">Oates<\/a>), and empirical support continues to build:<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Regression analysis revealed that students in the treatment group had a greater increase in their conceptual understanding and confidence as compared to the students in the comparison group [\u2026] These results demonstrate the efficacy of writing-to-learn as an approach for promoting conceptual learning of acid\u2013base chemistry. (<a href=\"https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ1211725\">Schmidt et al.<\/a>)<\/p><p>Finally, WAC and WID recognize that writing is a highly complex activity that takes a great deal of practice to improve, and transferring writing knowledge and skills across contexts can be a formidable task. As a guide published by the <a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/resources\/wac\/intro\/include\/\">WAC Clearinghouse<\/a> puts it, \u201cOne or two writing classes just can\u2019t provide enough daily practice over the course of an undergraduate program of study.\u201d<\/p><p>By now, hopefully, I have convinced you of the value of WAC and WID, and you have at least a vague idea of what they both entail. But what kinds of assignments support WAC and WID? WID assignments familiarize students with the discourses, conventions, and ways of thinking characteristic of a discipline\u2019s genres. They usually consist of long-term assignment sequences, with a final product that closely resembles professional writing in the discipline\u2014in the sciences, for example, an experimental report using the IMRAD structure. By contrast, WAC assignments usually aren\u2019t tied to any particular discipline, as this <a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/resources\/wac\/intro\/wtl\/wtlactivities\/\">list of writing-to-learn activities<\/a> illustrates.<\/p><p>Before I conclude this introduction, I want to acknowledge that responding to student writing can be labor-intensive and time-consuming, especially in large classes. For those of you who are considering using WAC and WID assignments in your courses, but who are deterred by the prospect of grading those assignments, here are some approaches that could help you lighten your workload:<\/p><ul><li>Comment only on <a href=\"https:\/\/pb.openlcc.net\/expressionandinquiry\/chapter\/evaluation-criteria\/\">higher-order concerns<\/a>: maybe the one, two, or three most important aspects of each paper.<\/li><li>Don\u2019t mark grammatical or stylistic errors in writing-to-learn assignments\u2014or, if you feel compelled, at least don\u2019t focus <em>primarily<\/em> on those lower-order concerns.<\/li><li>Use rubrics or marking guides\u2014or, for low-stakes writing-to-learn assignments, simply grade for completion or in some other relatively time-efficient way.<\/li><li>Create a nicely organized \u201cfeedback bank\u201d for major assignments.<\/li><li>Ask students to curate their strongest writing for a midterm or end-of-semester portfolio and grade only those pieces.<\/li><li>Grade most writing assignments for completion or satisfaction of basic requirements, while grading one or two in depth\u2014without telling students which.<\/li><li>Conference with students instead of providing written feedback. Or try recorded audio feedback.<\/li><li>Employ rubric-guided peer and\/or self-assessment.<\/li><\/ul><p>Finally, you should keep in mind the following: performing writing assignments\u2014that is, the very act of writing\u2014benefits students as writers and learners <em>even when they don\u2019t receive feedback on the writing<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ1284474.pdf\">Chmarkh<\/a> 86\u201388; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3779614\/\">Drabick et al.<\/a> 174\u2013175).<\/p><p>During my time as CTE fellow, I have worked on multiple fronts to promote WAC and WID at Nicholls. I led a series of faculty development workshops, some of them geared toward faculty in a particular discipline. I have also curated the annotated bibliography below for faculty members trying to incorporate WAC and WID into their course\u2014and those who would simply like to learn more about WAC and WID. If you have any questions or suggestions regarding this resource, WAC and WID at Nicholls, or WAC and WID in general, please feel free to contact me at <a href=\"mailto:erick.piller@nicholls.edu\">erick.piller@nicholls.edu<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8bd066 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"b8bd066\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1931\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Web Resources<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1931\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1931\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/wacassociation.org\/\"><em>Association for Writing Across the Curriculum (AWAC)<\/em><\/a>.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The Association for Writing Across the Curriculum (AWAC) promotes writing instruction and education across all contexts for teachers, teacher-scholars, writing center directors, writing program leaders, administrators, and graduate and undergraduate students.<\/p><p>Eodice, Michele, Anne Ellen Geller, Neal Lerner, et al. <a href=\"https:\/\/meaningfulwritingproject.net\/\"><em>The Meaningful Writing Project<\/em><\/a>.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The authors hoped that by asking seniors at three very different institutions to self-report their meaningful writing experiences, they would be able to describe a range of assignments college students have actually been asked to complete, describe how students navigate the expectations of writing assignments across the disciplines, and explore the experiences, beliefs, and aspirations students bring to their writing and learning.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/wac.gmu.edu\/teaching-with-writing\/\"><em>Foundations of Teaching (with) Writing<\/em><\/a>. George Mason University, Writing Across the Curriculum.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">What are the foundations of teaching with writing? This page offers some information about foundational practices for teaching with writing and provides suggestions for further reading.<\/p><p>Hughes, Brad. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dept.writing.wisc.edu\/wac\/why-should-i-use-writing-assignments-in-my-teaching\/\">Why Should You Use Writing Assignments in Your Teaching<\/a>?\u201d University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Writing Across the Curriculum.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Countless faculty\u2014in every discipline across the university\u2014make writing an integral part of their teaching and reap benefits from doing so. Why? Here are some of the many reasons writing is an especially effective means for students to learn.<\/p><p>Kiefer, Kate, Mike Palmquist, Nick Carbone, Michelle Cox, and Dan Melzer. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/resources\/wac\/intro\/\">An Introduction to Writing Across the Curriculum<\/a>.\u201d WAC Clearinghouse, 2018.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">This guide offers information about WAC\u2014writing across the curriculum.<\/p><p>Malye, Julia. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/wicnews\/2016\/11\/30\/writing-fine-arts\/\">On Writing in the Fine Arts<\/a>.\u201d <em>Teaching With Writing: The WIC Newsletter<\/em>, 30 Nov. 2016, Oregon State University.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">For this article, the author interviewed Lee Ann Garrison, Director of the School of Arts and Communication at Oregon State University, about teaching writing in the fine arts.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/wac.umn.edu\/tww-program\/teaching-resources\"><em>Teaching with Writing<\/em><\/a>. University of Minnesota.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Browse online resources for integrating writing into courses across disciplines: assignments, rubrics, discipline-specific resources and more.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/resources\/wac\/bib\/index.cfm\"><em>WAC Bibliography<\/em><\/a>. WAC Clearinghouse, 2022.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The bibliography, developed and presented in collaboration with\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/comppile\/\">CompPile<\/a>, was developed to support teachers across the disciplines who are interested in using writing and speaking in their courses; scholars who are interested in WAC theory and research; and program administrators, designers, and developers who have interests in the latest work in faculty outreach, program design, and assessment.<\/p><p>Whithaus, Carl, Karen Lunsford, and Jonathan Alexander. <a href=\"https:\/\/thewayfindingproject.com\/about\/\"><em>The Wayfinding Project<\/em><\/a>.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The Wayfinding Project is led by a core of three University of California researchers who, over the past several years, have been engaged in a collaborative and multi-campus research project that examines the \u201cwriting lives\u201d of UC students three to ten years after graduation.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1932\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Peer-Reviewed Articles and Chapters<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1932\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1932\"><p>Basgier, Christopher, and Amber Simpson. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37514\/ATD-J.2020.17.1-2.02\">Reflecting on the Past, Reconstructing the Future: Faculty Members\u2019 Threshold Concepts for Teaching Writing in the Disciplines<\/a>.\u201d <em>Across the Disciplines<\/em>, vol. 17, no. 1\u20132, 2020, pp. 6\u201325.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">This study uses narrative analysis of faculty survey and focus groups responses to identify three threshold concepts for the teaching of writing in the disciplines, complementing the existing work on threshold concepts in writing itself: (1) effective writing pedagogy involves iterative, multifaceted change; (2) students\u2019 development as writers can be supported through scaffolded interventions; and (3) genres can be taught as actions, not (just) as forms. The authors also suggest additional candidates for threshold concepts for the teaching of writing in the disciplines and comment on the value of narrative for promoting faculty reflection and assessing WAC faculty development.<\/p><p>Boquet, Beth, and Neal Lerner, editors. <a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/atd\/special\/hip\/\">Special Issue: WAC and High-Impact Practices<\/a>. <em>Across the Disciplines<\/em>, vol. 13, no. 4, 2016.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">A central tenet of writing across the curriculum and in the disciplines is that the use of writing goes far beyond improvement of students\u2019 skills. Instead, writing is essential to learning and to the processes of development that higher education aims to foster. What might not be as clear to those of us in WAC and WID programs is how we map our work onto these higher-level outcomes. In this special issue of <em>Across the Disciplines<\/em>, contributors describe those maps in relation to the Association of American Colleges and Universities research on high-impact practices.<\/p><p>Burgess-Proctor, Amanda, Graham Cassano, Dennis J. Condron, Heidi A. Lyons, and George Sanders. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0092055X13512458\">A Collective Effort to Improve Sociology Students\u2019 Writing Skills<\/a>.\u201d <em>Teaching Sociology<\/em>, vol. 42, no. 2, 2014, pp. 130\u2013139.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Nationwide, academic sociologists at all types of higher education institutions face the challenge of working to improve students\u2019 writing skills. In this article, the authors describe a collective effort by a group of faculty members in one undergraduate sociology program to implement several effective writing-improvement strategies. The authors advocate aiming to improve students\u2019 writing by working together on a united front rather than working in isolation. After explaining the origins of the collective emphasis on writing that emerged in their group and briefly outlining the writing-improvement strategies that they utilize, the authors use student survey data to reflect on major themes before concluding with a discussion of the merits of their collective approach.<\/p><p>Carter, Michael, Miriam Ferzli, and Eric N. Wiebe. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1050651907300466\">Writing to Learn by Learning to Write in the Disciplines<\/a>.\u201d <em>Journal of Business and Technical Communication<\/em>, vol. 21, no. 3, 2007, pp. 278\u2013302.\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The traditional distinction between writing across the curriculum and writing in the disciplines (WID) as writing to learn versus learning to write understates WID\u2019s focus on learning in the disciplines. Advocates of WID have described learning as socialization, but little research addresses how writing disciplinary discourses in disciplinary settings encourages socialization into the disciplines. Data from interviews with students who wrote lab reports in a biology lab suggest five ways in which writing promotes learning in scientific disciplines. Drawing on theories of situated learning, the authors argue that apprenticeship genres can encourage socialization into disciplinary communities.<\/p><p>Chmarkh, Mustapha. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ1284474.pdf\">\u2018Writing to Learn\u2019 Research: A Synthesis of Empirical Studies (2004-2019)<\/a>.\u201d <em>European Journal of Educational Research<\/em>, vol. 10, no. 1, 2021, pp. 85\u201396.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">This paper adds to writing-to-learn research by reporting on empirical and conceptual studies on the subject matter but also by speculating on the learning virtues that writing offers besides its function as an assessment tool\u2014namely, that it can provide students with an adequate avenue to reflect on their learning. For this purpose, the author reviewed 17 studies spanning a 17-year period (2004\u20132020) and representing both the L1 and L2 contexts. Findings indicated that writing to learn is an effective instructional strategy across different grade-levels and disciplines both in the L1 and L2 teaching and learning contexts.<\/p><p>Cox, Anicca. \u201c(Re)Mapping Disciplinary Values and Rhetorical Concerns through Language: Interviews about Writing with Seven Instructors across the Performing and Visual Arts.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/books\/atd\/performing\/\"><em>Writing In and About the Performing and Visual Arts: Creating, Performing, and Teaching<\/em><\/a>, edited by Steven J. Corbett, Jennifer Lin LeMesurier, Teagan E. Decker, and Betsy Cooper,\u00a0WAC Clearinghouse\/University Press of Colorado, 2019, pp. 37\u201354.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">This small study, based on interviews with seven university-level instructors of visual and performing arts from ceramics and sculpture to painting and drawing to music and field arts, investigates the uses of writing in art-making practice and instruction. The chapter explores personal narrative, interview analysis and extant literature on the subject, ultimately arguing that visual and performing arts disciplines have much to offer to writing studies in terms of a reconsideration of reflective, embodied, exploratory and assistive approaches to writing.<\/p><p>Defazio, Joseph, Josette Jones, Felisa Tennant, and Sara Anne Hook. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ890711.pdf\">Academic Literacy: The Importance and Impact of Writing Across the Curriculum \u2013 A Case Study<\/a>.\u201d <em>Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning<\/em>, vol. 10, no. 2, 2010, pp. 34\u201347.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The paper provides case studies of how four faculty members who teach in undergraduate and graduate programs at the Indiana University School of Informatics promote academic literacy throughout the curriculum. The paper describes the writing assignments in several courses, the objectives of these assignments in enhancing the writing skills of students, the pedagogical approaches used by the faculty members and a discussion of the results. Suggestions for assessing student writing are also provided.<\/p><p>Falconer, Heather M. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/0741088318804819\">\u2018I Think When I Speak, I Don\u2019t Sound Like That\u2019: The Influence of Social Positioning on Rhetorical Skill Development in Science<\/a>.\u201d <em>Written Communication<\/em>, vol. 36, no. 1, 2019.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Negotiating membership within a disciplinary community is as much an exercise in rhetorical facility as it is content expertise. Where individuals reside in the hierarchy of membership is determined by not only what they talk and write about, but how. Yet there are many factors that can impact newcomers\u2019 acculturation into a disciplinary community on a rhetorical level. In this article, the author uses positioning theory and intersectional identity to examine how Anne, a woman of color participating in undergraduate research in science, learned to read and write as a scientist and the ways her social position as a woman, person of color, and low-income and first-generation student influenced her perception and adoption of the discourse as her own. The author argues that social positioning influences students\u2019 views of scientific discourse and affects their rhetorical skill development as scientific writers. Because recognition as a group insider is heavily influenced by discourse, this research has potential implications for those interested in retention and persistence of women of color in STEM, as well as for those interested in changing learning cultures and incorporating writing instruction into disciplinary arenas.<\/p><p>Florida State University Editorial Collective. <a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/atd\/special\/assessment\/\">Special Issue: Writing Across the Curriculum and Assessment: Activities, Programs, and Insights at the Intersection<\/a>. <em>Across the Disciplines<\/em>, vol. 6, 2009.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The last decade has produced new ways of thinking about WAC as well as new ways of thinking about how to assess WAC. This special issue of\u00a0<em>Across the Disciplines <\/em>explores how assessment can help us understand, support, and enrich all such WAC efforts, and outline why and how assessment is an appropriate mechanism for doing so.<\/p><p>Hanstedt, Paul. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aacu.org\/publications-research\/periodicals\/reforming-general-education-three-reasons-make-writing-across\">Reforming General Education: Three Reasons to Make Writing Across the Curriculum Part of the Conversation<\/a>.\u201d <em>Liberal Education<\/em>, vol. 98, no. 4, 2012.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">What follows are three reasons why\u2014all political instincts to the contrary\u2014it\u2019s probably\u00a0better to fold conversations about writing across\u00a0the curriculum into the larger debate\u00a0about general education models, scaffolding,\u00a0institutional support, and student needs.<\/p><p>Harding, Lindsey, Robby Nadler, Paula Rawlins, Elizabeth Day, Kristen Miller, and Kimberly Martin. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ1307027\">Revising a Scientific Writing Curriculum: Wayfinding Successful Collaborations with Interdisciplinary Expertise<\/a>.\u201d <em>College Composition and Communication<\/em>, vol. 72, no. 2, 2020, pp. 333\u2013368.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Interdisciplinary collaborations to help students compose for discipline-specific contexts draw on multiple sources of expertise. Science, technology, education, and mathematics (STEM) programs particularly rely on their writing colleagues because (1) their academic expertise is often not writing and (2) teaching writing often necessitates a redesigning of existing instructional materials. While many writing studies scholars have the expertise to assist their STEM colleagues with such tasks, how to do so\u2014and, more fundamentally, how to begin such efforts\u2014is not commonly focused on in the literature stemming from these collaborations. This article addresses this gap by detailing an interdisciplinary Writing in the Disciplines (WID) collaboration at a large, public R1 university between STEM and writing experts to redesign the university\u2019s introductory biology writing curriculum. The collaborative curriculum design process detailed here is presented through the lens of wayfinding, which concerns orientation, trailblazing, and moving through uncertain landscapes according to cues. Within this account, a critical focus on language\u2014what we talk about when we talk about writing\u2014emerges, driving both the collaboration itself and resultant curricular revisions. The work reveals how collaborators can wayfind through interdisciplinary partnerships and writing curriculum development by transforming differences in discipline-specific expertise into a new path forward.<\/p><p>Jeon, Ah-Jung. David Kellogg, Mohammed Asif Khan, and Greg Tucker-Kellogg. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bmb.21414\">Developing Critical Thinking in STEM Education Through Inquiry-Based Writing in the Laboratory Classroom<\/a>.\u201d <em>Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education<\/em>, vol. 49, 2021, pp. 140\u2013150.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Laboratory pedagogy is moving away from step-by-step instructions and toward inquiry-based learning, but only now developing methods for integrating inquiry-based writing (IBW) practices into the laboratory course. The authors designed and implemented an IBW sequence in a university bioinformatics course. The authors observed dramatically improved student engagement and indirect evidence of improved learning outcomes over a similar workshop without IBW. Based on student feedback, initial discomfort with the writing component abated in favor of an overall positive response and increasing comfort with the high demands of student writing. Similarly, encouraging results were found in a semester length undergraduate module at the National University of Singapore (155 students).<\/p><p>Kramer, Tereza Joy, et al. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37514\/ATD-J.2019.16.4.19\">WID Course Enhancements in STEM: The Impact of Adding \u2018Writing Circles\u2019 and Writing Process Pedagogy<\/a>.\u201d <em>Across the Disciplines<\/em>, vol. 16, no. 4, 2019, pp. 26\u201338.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">This study reports on a quantitative assessment of enhancements to a Writing in the Disciplines course in Kinesiology. The assessment coded student writing produced in semesters before and after a Kinesiology course was enhanced with both iterated peer review groups and writing-process scaffolding.\u00a0Analysis of the results revealed significantly higher scores in five Learning Outcomes developed to align with the\u00a0<em>Framework for Success in Postsecondary Writing<\/em>\u00a0(2011)<em>.<\/em>\u00a0These findings offer quantitative evidence that adding writing-process pedagogy and iterated peer review improves student outcomes in both writing and critical thinking.<\/p><p>Moon, Alena, Anne Ruggles Gere, and Ginger V. Shultz. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sce.21454\">Writing in the STEM Classroom: Faculty Conceptions of Writing and Its Role in the Undergraduate Classroom<\/a>.\u201d <em>Science Education<\/em>, vol. 102, no. 5, 2018, pp. 1007\u20131028.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Writing is widely recognized as fundamental to the construction and communication of scientific knowledge. Building on this relationship between writing and knowledge construction, writing-to-learn (WTL) activities have shown to be effective in many science classrooms, but have not been widely implemented at the postsecondary level. To address the lack of implementation, we investigated potential adopters of this pedagogy. Potential adopters, postsecondary faculty, are unique given the key role writing plays in their professional practice as researchers. Because of this unique feature and the fact that an instructor&#8217;s theoretical orientation toward a construct impacts their instruction of that construct, an investigation of postsecondary faculty&#8217;s conceptions of writing instruction is necessary to understand the way writing is being used in the postsecondary classroom. To this end, 33 STEM faculty across multiple disciplines and positions were interviewed about writing and its role in their classes. A phenomenographic analysis resulted in four faculty \u201ctypes\u201d consisting of unique combinations of concept and practice, organized according to compatibility with WTL. Profiles were built that describe unique conceptions, desired outcomes, and challenges for each type. These profiles provide an understanding of the relationship between faculty\u2019s conceptions and instructional practices regarding writing and lay the groundwork for understanding how writing is used in the postsecondary classroom.<\/p><p>Oates, Laurel Currie. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu\/faculty\/337\/\">Beyond Communication: Writing as a Means of Learning<\/a>.\u201d <em>The Journal of the Legal Writing Institute<\/em>, vol. 6, no. 1, 2000, pp. 1\u201325.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">In this article, the author examines the belief that writing facilitates learning from several perspectives. Part I describes the writing-to-learn movement, beginning with James N. Britton\u2019s and Janet Emig\u2019s assertions that writing is a unique method of learning and ending with John M. Ackerman\u2019s claim that writing is no better and, is sometimes worse, than other modes of learning. Building on the evidence described in Part I, Part II discusses writing to learn in light of four theories: behaviorism, Linda S. Flower and John Hayes\u2019s models of the composing process, Carl Bereiter and Marlene Scardamalia\u2019s models of knowledge telling and knowledge transforming, and cognitive psychology. The final part, Part III, suggests which types of writing are likely to foster law school learning and how they can be used to facilitate the construction of new knowledge and the development of legal expertise.<\/p><p>Press, Marlyn, and Linda Epstein. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ1059521.pdf\">Nine Ways to Use Visual Art as a Prewriting Strategy<\/a>.\u201d <em>The Language and Literacy Spectrum<\/em>, vol. 17, 2007, pp. 31\u201339.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">This article looks at the use of art in developing students\u2019 prewriting ability. The activities, strategies, and objects used provide students with the background knowledge, motivation, vocabulary, structure, and fluency they need to compose and rehearse written pieces. The article describes research conducted on the effects of combining art with writing instruction. Finally, the article shows how various art activities and lessons help children develop strategies for improving their prewriting by providing a solid base of ideas and text structures at this initial stage.<\/p><p>Reynolds, Julie A., Christopher Thaiss, Wendy Katkin, and Robert J. Thompson, Jr. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1187\/cbe.11-08-0064\">Writing-to-Learn in Undergraduate Science Education: A Community-Based, Conceptually Driven Approach<\/a>.\u201d <em>CBE\u2014Life Sciences Education<\/em>, vol. 11, no. 1, 2012, pp. 17\u201325.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Despite substantial evidence that writing can be an effective tool to promote student learning and engagement, writing-to-learn (WTL) practices are still not widely implemented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines, particularly at research universities. Two major deterrents to progress are the lack of a community of science faculty committed to undertaking and applying the necessary pedagogical research, and the absence of a conceptual framework to systematically guide study designs and integrate findings. To address these issues, the authors undertook an initiative, supported by the National Science Foundation and sponsored by the Reinvention Center, to build a community of WTL\/STEM educators who would undertake a heuristic review of the literature and formulate a conceptual framework. In addition to generating a searchable database of empirically validated and promising WTL practices, their work lays the foundation for multi-university empirical studies of the effectiveness of WTL practices in advancing student learning and engagement.<\/p><p>Russell, David R. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/377412\">Writing Across the Curriculum in Historical Perspective: Toward a Social Interpretation<\/a>.\u201d <em>College English<\/em>, vol. 52, no. 1, 1990, pp. 52\u201373.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Russell argues that cross-curricular writing instruction has never made a permanent impact on academia for two structural reasons. First, it resists the fundamental organizing principle of modern academia, the compartmentalization of knowledge. Second, it upsets the usual methods of regulating access to coveted social roles by challenging the convenient assumption that writing is a single, generalizable skill, learned (or not learned) outside a disciplinary matrix\u2014in secondary school or freshman composition\u2014and not related in any discipline-specific way to the professional roles associated with a discipline.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1933\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Books<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1933\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1933\"><p>Bazerman, Charles, Joseph Little, Lisa Bethel, Teri Chavkin, Danielle Fouquette, and Janet Garufis. <a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/books\/referenceguides\/bazerman-wac\/\"><em>Reference Guide to Writing Across the Curriculum<\/em><\/a>. Parlor Press\/The WAC Clearinghouse, 2005.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>Reference Guide to Writing Across the Curriculum<\/em> traces the Writing Across the Curriculum movement from its origins in British secondary education through its flourishing in American higher education and extension to American primary and secondary education. The authors follow their historical review of the literature by a review of research into primary, secondary, and higher education WAC teaching and learning. Subsequent chapters examine the relations of WAC to Writing to Learn theory, research, and pedagogy, as well as its interactions with the Rhetoric of Science and Writing in the Disciplines movements. Current issues of theory and practice are followed by a presentation of best practices in program design, assessment, and classroom practices. An extensive bibliography and suggestions for further reading round out this comprehensive guide to Writing Across the Curriculum.<\/p><p>Cox, Michelle, Jeffrey R. Galin, and Dan Melzer. <a href=\"https:\/\/store.ncte.org\/book\/sustainable-wac-whole-systems-approach-launching-and-developing-writing-across-curriculum-0\"><em>Sustainable WAC: A Whole Systems Approach to Launching and Developing Writing Across the Curriculum Programs<\/em><\/a>. National Council of Teachers of English, 2018.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Cox, Galin, and Melzer introduce a theoretical framework for WAC program development that takes into account the diverse contexts of today\u2019s institutions of higher education, aids WAC program directors in thinking strategically as they develop programs, and integrates a focus on program sustainability.<\/p><p>Dean, Deborah. <a href=\"https:\/\/store.ncte.org\/book\/what-works-writing-instruction-research-and-practice-second-edition\"><em>What Works in Writing Instruction: Research and Practice<\/em><\/a>. 2nd ed., National Council of Teachers of English, 2021.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Using teacher-friendly language and classroom examples, Deborah Dean looks closely at instructional practices supported by a broad range of research and weaves them together into accessible recommendations that can inspire teachers to find what works for their own classrooms and students.<\/p><p>Gardner, Traci. <a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/books\/ncte\/gardner\/\"><em>Designing Writing Assignments<\/em><\/a>. National Council of Teachers of English, 2008.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Effective student writing begins with well-designed classroom assignments. In\u00a0<em>Designing Writing Assignments<\/em>, veteran educator Traci Gardner offers practical ways for teachers to develop assignments that will allow students to express their creativity and grow as writers and thinkers while still addressing the many demands of resource-stretched classrooms. Gardner explores how to balance pedagogical and curricular goals with the needs of multiple learners while managing everyday challenges such as mandates, testing, and the paper load. She uses her classroom experience to provide ideas on how to effectively define a writing task, explore the expectations for a composition activity, and assemble the supporting materials that students need to do their best work. This book includes dozens of starting points that teachers can customize and further develop for the students in their own classrooms.<\/p><p>Gasiewski, Diana, and Scott Warnock. <a href=\"https:\/\/store.ncte.org\/book\/writing-together-ten-weeks-teaching-and-studenting-online-writing-course-ebook\"><em>Writing Together: Ten Weeks Teaching and Studenting in an Online Writing Course<\/em><\/a>. National Council of Teachers of English, 2018.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">This book narrates the experience of an asynchronous online writing course (OWC) through the dual perspective of the teacher, Scott Warnock, and a student, Diana Gasiewski, who participated in that OWC. Both teacher and student describe their strategies, activities, approaches, thoughts, and responses as they move week by week through the experience of teaching and taking an OWC.<\/p><p>Young, Art. <a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/books\/landmarks\/young-teaching\/\"><em>Teaching Writing Across the Curriculum<\/em><\/a>. 4th ed., Pearson Education, 2006.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>Teaching Writing Across the Curriculum<\/em>, presented here in its fourth edition, provides a comprehensive, accessible discussion of teaching writing across the curriculum. Written by one of the leaders in the field of writing across the curriculum, it offers a brief introduction to WAC and then discusses how writing can be used to help students learn and communicate. Art Young writes that this book can \u201cserve as a guide to teachers who have been assigned or who have volunteered to teach a required \u2018writing-intensive\u2019 course in their discipline as well as to faculty who themselves decide to include student writing. whether occasionally or frequently, in their courses.\u201d In addition to serving as a guide for teachers of WAC courses, this book also serves as an invaluable resource for faculty in English departments and writing programs.<\/p><p>Young, Richard. <a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/books\/practice\/young\/\"><em>Toward A Taxonomy of \u201cSmall\u201d Genres and Writing Techniques for Writing Across the Curriculum<\/em><\/a>. The WAC Clearinghouse, 2011.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>Toward A Taxonomy of \u201cSmall\u201d Genres and Writing Techniques for Writing Across the Curriculum<\/em> offer more than 150 \u201csmall genres\u201d collected over a number of years by Richard Young in collaboration with Joanne Sipple and others. \u201cThe question I asked was whether we could get faculty to use writing in unconventional ways,\u201d explained Young. \u201cWays that didn&#8217;t require them to invest a great deal of time in responding to student writing but that would nonetheless give students both an authentic writing task and feedback on their writing.\u201d<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1934\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Journals<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1934\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1934\"><p>Cripps, Michael J., editor. <a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/atd\/\"><em>Across the Disciplines: A Journal of Language, Learning, and Academic Writing<\/em><\/a>. 2000\u2013present.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>Across the Disciplines<\/em>, a refereed journal devoted to language, learning, and academic writing, publishes articles relevant to writing and writing pedagogy in all their intellectual, political, social, and technological complexity.<\/p><p>Hall, Susanne E., editor. <a href=\"https:\/\/thepromptjournal.com\/index.php\/prompt\/index\"><em>Prompt: A Journal of Academic Writing Assignments<\/em><\/a>. 2017\u2013present.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>Prompt: A Journal of Academic Writing Assignments<\/em>\u00a0is a biannual, refereed online journal that publishes academic writing assignments accompanied by reflective essays. We publish assignments directed at both undergraduate and graduate students from all academic disciplines.\u00a0<em>Prompt<\/em>\u00a0is an open-access journal, with all articles freely available to all readers.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41b0e1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-680 elementor-widget-template\" data-id=\"41b0e1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"template.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-template\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"648\" class=\"elementor elementor-648\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-64ebb38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"64ebb38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0178ca4\" data-id=\"0178ca4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1847950 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1847950\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-40777281 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"40777281\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4728cf2b\" data-id=\"4728cf2b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-4f88d1e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4f88d1e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-wider\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c39e065\" data-id=\"7c39e065\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5820a941 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5820a941\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">CONTACT INFORMATION<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c64d2b2 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c64d2b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Writing Program Administrators<\/h3><p><strong>Erick Piller<\/strong><br \/>Peltier Hall 251B<br \/><a href=\"mailto:erick.piller@nicholls.edu\">erick.piller@nicholls.edu<\/a><br \/>985-448-4980<\/p><p><strong>Scott Banville<\/strong><br \/>Peltier Hall 143F<br \/><a href=\"mailto:scott.banville@nicholls.edu\">scott.banville@nicholls.edu<\/a><br \/>985-448-4445<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Resources on Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) and Writing in the Disciplines (WID) What are WAC and WID? Why do they matter for our work in the classroom? Every explanation I have heard of the difference between WAC (Writing Across the Curriculum) and WID (Writing in the Disciplines) puts it this way: WAC is most [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"parent":615,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-797","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>WAC\/WID - Writing Program<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholls.edu\/writing\/instructors\/wac-wid\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"WAC\/WID - Writing Program\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Resources on Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) and Writing in the Disciplines (WID) What are WAC and WID? 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